I think AMIs are EBS agnostic.
You do run the risk of losing data if multiple nodes fail. This exists on bare-metal but on bare-metal the are more situations where the data can still be recovered but would be lost on ephemeral.
Yes, bcache as been problematic for us. Aerospike 3.5.10 I believe is expected to be out next week will include a new feature for defining a shadow disk. Basically writes will go to the primary disk and the shadow disk, reads will only go to the primary. So stay tuned .
Depends on how often EBS volumes fail. Also means that if a node were to fail, your cluster will be missing data till you are able to replace it with another node with the appropriate EBS volume.